Speech is one instrument used to express emotions, opinions, and ideas. Speech is a speaker’s act of expressing ideas, messages, and emotions to listeners. In other words, Speech is a speaking activity to express emotions, opinions, ideas, and information, as well as entertain listeners and is usually performed to deliver speeches in front of the public (Firmansyah et al., 2019). Speech is an important way to reach a speaker’s goals, such as delivering messages, persuading people, and influencing audiences (Jin and Lu, 2013). Thus, a speaker must sustainably interact with others by carefully selecting acceptable sentences and vocabularies related to systemic functional linguistics (SFL). According to Herman, Sulistyani, Ngongo, Fatmawati, and Saputra (2022), Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is defined as a study of language in the process of making meaning or a study of language function (Susanto and Watik, 2017). Boccia (2021) defined Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as a language theory centred on the concept of language function. In other words, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is the study of language function to make meaning. Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) state that there are three meta-function types in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL): ideational meaning, textual meaning, and interpersonal meaning (Purba et al., 2022).

Xiang (2022) clarify that interpersonal meaning refers to language as a tool to interact with people. Interpersonal meaning considers language as a tool to interact with other people (Halliday, 1994; Darong, 2021). Interpersonal is an intriguing phenomenon to study because understanding interpersonal meaning can help people succeed in exchanging information, goods, and services with listeners (Dalton-Puffer, 2005). It is due to its function, which can provide guidance on how to select appropriate grammatical choices in communication (social interaction). It is critical to employ good grammatical choices in communication because they can create various and meaningful expressions influencing the relationship between a speaker and audience within the communication. According to Hulu (2019), Interpersonal meaning is an intriguing topic to discuss because interpersonal meaning may help people succeed in delivering information, goods, and services to listeners by providing ideas on how makes the right grammatical choices in communication (Chefor, 2019). Thus, the researchers were interested in investigating interpersonal meaning frequently utilized in speech and represented, for example, by Joe Biden. In conducting this research, the researchers have provided previous research from a thesis related to interpersonal meaning as a theory. The research was written by (Marhamah, 2014) from Yogyakarta State University, entitled “Interpersonal Meaning Analysis on Muse’s

Song Lyrics found in Black Holes and Revelations Albums”. The research aimed to characterize kinds of mood and modes of interpersonal meaning realized in the Muse’s Song lyrics found in Black Holes and Revelations albums. Halliday's hypothesis was applied by the researchers. Mood and Residue are the interpersonal meaning components (Ping and Lingling, 2017). The Mood elements consisting of Subject and Finite show the clauses’ interpersonal functions. Meanwhile, the other component is known as Residue.

However, this research has similarities and differences with the previous research. Both focused on mood structures., Yet, the researchers also focused on speech function and mood structures using Gerrot and Wignell's theory. Thus, the novelty of this research is shown and important to be conducted. This research can be a good reference for speakers to deliver a good speech since using functional linguistics, especially interpersonal meaning.

A descriptive-qualitative method was employed by the researchers in this study. According to Munthe et al. (2021), the descriptive technique consists of gathering, categorizing, evaluating, and interpreting the data, eventually followed by a conclusion drawing without making generalizations (Silalahi et al., 2022). The researchers employed descriptive-qualitative research since the researchers collected and analyzed the data and then drew the conclusion. The researchers employed a document or content analysis because the research subject was Joe Biden's speech script. Document or content analysis, according to Herman, Shara, Silalahi, Sherly, and Julyanthry (2022), is a research method used to detect certain characteristics of written or visual resources. Public records, textbooks, newspapers, letters, videos, diaries, topics, reports, or other documents may be used.

2.1. Research Data Source

The researchers had to identify the data source relevant to the research problem. In this study, the researchers used the data from a Google website (https://www.washingtonpost.com) containing Joe Biden's Victory Speech on November 7, 2020, at 9:56 p.m. EST. The researchers chose this issue because Joe Biden was recently elected as the President of the United States, according to the most recent election results.

2.2. Data Collection Technique

In this study, the researchers used qualitative data. According to Feng and Liu (2010), data collection processes included identifying the research limits, collecting information through unstructured or semi-structured observations and interviews, documents, and visual materials, as well as establishing a strategy to record the information.

There are numerous data-gathering methods, including documents, observations, tests, interviews, and surveys. The documentation technique was used by the researchers to gather the data. According to Ezeifeka (2013), documentation is a technique used to gather data based on documents, including transcripts, books, newspapers, magazines, and others. In this study, the researchers obtained the data from the transcript. The documentation method was used for data gathering. As a result, the researchers employed the documentation method by reading, analyzing the text, and then collecting the data.

Opening the webpage www.washingtonpost.com.

Searching the topic of Joe Biden's Victory Speech from the website of Washington Post Newspaper.

Copying the article of Joe Biden's Victory Speech from the website of Washington Post Newspaper.

2.3. Data Analysis Technique

After the data was collected, the researchers then analyzed the data. Herman, van Thao and Purba (2021) defined that data analysis allows the researchers to put the research hypothesis to the test or answer the research question. Hence, data analysis contains four components: data collecting, data condensation, data displays, and conclusion drawing.

2.4. Data Collection

The researchers used Joe Biden's Victory speech in this study. The researchers also tried to obtain materials and references from other books related to the topic under study.

2.5. Data Condensation

Data condensation is an act of selecting, limiting, simplifying, and changing the raw data from the written-up field notes, so the researchers limited the interpersonal meaning analysis by focusing on mood structures and speech functions found in the clauses. Speech function is a technique used by someone to express ideas in communication for listeners to fully comprehend the concepts. When exchanging and expressing ideas, humans play two roles: giving and requesting commodities, such as information, goods, or services. The speech function is separated into four types: statement, question, command, and offer. The researchers examined the interpersonal meaning in Joe Biden's Victory speech by deeply exploring the Mood Structure of clauses found in the speech. Thus, the speech was separated into clauses (clause-complex), and then each clause was interpersonally evaluated.

2.6. Data Display

The researchers went beyond the data by offering certain clauses from Joe Biden's Victory speech as the representation to describe the explanation related to the analysis of mood structures and speech functions. The researchers also conducted an overall investigation of mood structures and speech functions in tables. There are two types of tables: mood structures analysis and speech functions with mood types analysis tables.

2.7. Conclusion Drawing

In this research, the researchers drew some conclusions based on the analysis results by making some explanations.

This research focused on the interpersonal meaning of systemic functional linguistics found in 50 clauses taken from Joe Biden’s victory speech. In this case, the researchers presented 10 clauses as the corpus data.

After analyzing and classifying the above data, the researchers made a clear discussion on mood structures and speech functions of Interpersonal meaning to answer the previously stated research questions. In mood structures, the researchers found Subject (23.5%) and Finite (23.8%), predicator (16.3%), complement (18%), mood adjuncts (1.2%), circumstantial adjuncts (9.7%), comment adjuncts (0.2%), and conjunctive adjuncts (7.3%). The researchers also found speech functions in the form of a statement (92%), question (2%), Command (2%), and Offer (4%). Some examples of speech analyzed based on mood structures, and speech functions are as follows.

The American story is about slow yet steadily widening opportunities in America. Make no mistake, too many dreams have been deferred for too long. We must make the promises of the country real for everybody, no matter their race, their ethnicity, their faith, their identity or their disability.”

Based on the utterances above, the realization of mood was analyzed as follows. “The American story is about the slow Yet Steadily Widening the Opportunities in America” (Speech function: statement). The word “The American story” was as Subject, the word “is” was as finite, the word “about” was as predicator, the word “slow” was a complement, and the word Yet Steadily Widening the Opportunities in America” was as an adjunct. So, based on mood structures, “the American story is” was as a mood and “about the slow, yet steadily widening the opportunities in America.” was as residue. This statement means America’s development was not maximized yet.

A speaker may have a different status, serve different goals, and impact on audience depending on how mood, modality, and personal pronouns are used. The speaker assumed that the roles of information processor and deliverer in the text under investigation used an interpersonal function in the form of declarative mood. In addition, the speaker developed a close bond with the American audience, which allowed him asking support and provide information to share. Instructional implications were also found in this study. Interaction is crucial in the classroom to success the language acquisition. Interpersonal contact in the classroom is impacted by the students' communication errors leading to meaningful negotiation, explanation requests, or message restructuring. Teachers and students may be able to engage, exchange meanings, and adopt positions more successfully if they are aware of how language serves interpersonal functions.

The greater significance lie in this understanding encouragings in the fact that this understanding encourages classroom agents to uphold their relationships, shape behaviors, and communicate their opinions. To indicate how information Certain grammatical elements, such as subject-verb agreement and finite and modal pronouns, are used to indicate how information is transmitted, certain grammatical elements, such as subject-verb agreement as well as finite and modal pronouns, are used. In other words, the ability to develop and preserve social ties throughout exchanges is one of the more difficult aspects in learning a language. By examining the mood systems, modalities, and pronouns used in response to the discourse moves occurring in the classroom interactions from the SFL point of view, these difficulties may be successfully controlled.