Speaking to Domestics in Lebanon: Power Issues or Misguided Communication?
Abstract
The Lebanese use a combination of Arabic and English telegraphic speech, along with gestures and other forms of speech adjustments to address their domestics. This pattern of inadequate speech is based on the misconception that domestics understand exactly the same way they speak. Using interviews, questionnaires, and participant observations, the researchers identified some of the underlying issues, power and trust, related to this form of fragmented speech. The investigators recommended that communication with domestics be in one language and in complete sentences, not only for the sake of language acquisition but to ensure a fair treatment of foreign helpers.
Full text article
References
Ainsworth- Vaughn, N., 2004. The discourse of medical encounters. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 453 – 469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470753460.ch24
Ali, S. I. 2003. Butler English. The Hindu Education, retrieved November 8, 2006 www.thehindu.com/thehinu/edu/2003/02/18 stories/2003021800010200.htm
Auer. P., 1998. Code-Switching in Conversation. Routledge, London.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S., 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Chaika, E., 1994. Language: The Social Mirror. Heinle and Heinle Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.
Clyne, M., 2003. Towards more language centered approach to plurilingualism. In: Dewaele, J. M., Housen, A., & Wei, L. (Eds.), Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles. Multilingual Matters Ltd, Clevedon, pp. 28 – 42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853596315-006
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, M., 2000. Research Methods in Education (5th. ed.). Routledge, London.
Cook-Gumperz, J. & Kyratzis, A., 2001. Child discourse encounters. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 590 – 611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470753460.ch31
Crystal, D., 1992. Introducing Linguistics. Penguin Group, London.
Crystal, D., 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Downes, W., 1998. Language and Society (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ellis, R., 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Fairclough, N., 1989. Language and Power. Longman, London.
Fairclough, N., 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Longman, London.
Ferguson, C. A., 1959. Diglossia. Word 15, 325 – 340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
Ferhaadi, A., 1988. Impact of adults and children on the addressor. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. (22nd, Chicago, H. 1988). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 295488).
Fishman, J. A., 1972. The relationship between micro- and macro-sociolinguistics in the study of who speaks what language to whom and when. In: Pride, J. B. & Holmes, J. (Eds), Sociolinguistics. Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp. 15 – 32.
Freed, B., 1980. Talking to foreigners versus talking to children: similarities and differences. In: Scarcella, R. & Krashen, S. (Eds.), Research in Second Language Acquisition. Newbury House, Rowley, Massachusetts, pp. 19 – 27.
Gumperz, J., 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834
Hatch, E., 1983. Psycholinguistics: A Second Language Perspective. Newbury House, Rowley, Massachusetts.
Holmes, J., 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd. ed.). Longman, an Imprint of Pearson Education, Harlow.
Hosali, P. (2000). Butler English form and function. BR Pub. Corp, Delhi.
Issidorides, D. & Hulstijn, J. 1992. Comprehension of grammatically modified and non-modified sentences of second language learners. Applied Psycholonguistics,13 (2), 147 – 171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400005543
Long, M., 1983. Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation in the second language classroom. In: Clarke, M. & Handscombe, J. (Eds.), TESOL’82: Pacific Perspectives on Language Learning and Teaching. TESOL, Washington D.C.
Myers-Scotton, C., 1997. Code-switching. In: Coulmas, F. (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishers, Madden, Massachusetts, pp. 205 – 216.
Poplack, S., 1980. Sometimes I start a sentence in English y termino in Espanol: towards a typology of code switching. Linguistics, 18, 581 – 616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
Poplack, S., 1998. Contrasting patterns of code switching in two communities. In: Trudgill, P. & Cheshire, J. (Eds.), The Sociolinguistics Reader: Multilingualism and Variation (vol. 1). Arnold, London, pp. 44 – 65.
Powney, J. & Watts, M., 1987. Interviewing in Educational Research. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
Reisigl, M. & Wodak, R., 2001. Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetoric of Racism and Anti- Semitism. Routledge and Kegan Paul, New York.
Roberts, C., 1996. Background to the understanding project. In: Bremer, K., Roberts, C., Vasseur, T., Simonot, M. & Broeder, P. (Eds.), Achieving Understanding: Discourse in Intercultural Encounters. Longman, London, pp. 1 – 8.
Robson, C., 2000. Real World Research: A Research for Social Scientists Practitioner Researchers (2nd. ed.). Blackwell, Oxford.
Romaine, S., 1995. Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012589042-7/50019-0
Romaine, S., 2000. Language in Society: an Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Scarcella, R. C. & Higa, C. 1981. Input, negotiation, and age differences in second language acquisition. Language Learning 31, 499 – 508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1981.tb01392.x
Shuy, R. W., 2004. Discourse analysis in the legal context. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 437 – 452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470753460.ch23
Stubbs, M., 1997. Language and the mediation of experience: linguistic representation and cognitive orientation. In: Coulmas, F. (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 358 – 373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166256.ch22
Thomas, L., 2004. Language, Society, and Power: An Introduction. Routeldge, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203426968
Van Dijk T.A., 1993. Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse and Society, 4(2), 249 - 283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006
Van Dijk T.A., 1997. The study of discourse analysis. In: Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.) Discourse as Structure and Process. Sage Publications, London, pp. 1 – 34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221884.n1
Van Dijk T.A. 2001. Critical discourse analysis. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 352- 371.
Westra, M., 1996. Active Communication. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2007 Nabelah Haraty, Ahmad Oueini, Rima Bahous

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright / Open Access Policy: This journal provides immediate free open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of ideas and is distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). But the copyright was retained by the authors. Articles are free for personal use but are protected by copyright in the sense that they may not be used for purposes other than personal use without permission.