Host communication competence and locus of control of international students in the United States
Abstract
A survey of 169 international students was conducted at a large southern research university to investigate the relationship between host communication competence and students’ locus of control. Results of correlation and multiple regressions revealed that international students’ host communication competence was positively influenced by the internal locus of control. The independent sample t test showed that female and European students scored significantly higher in host communication competence than male and non-European international students.
Full text article
References
Beals, E.L. and Humphrey, N.D. (1957). No frontier to learning: The Mexican student in the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Begley, P.A. (1999). Sojourner adaptation. In L. A. Samovar and R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 400-405). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Bhawuk, D.P.S. and Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 413–436.
Black, J.S. (1990). Locus of control, social support, stress and adjustment in international transfers. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 7, 1-29.
Bochner, S. (1986). Coping with unfamiliar cultures: Adjustment or cultural learning? Australian Journal of Psychology, 38, 347-359.
Brislin, R. (1993). Understanding culture’s influence on behavior. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Chapdelaine, R.F. and Alexitch, L.R. (2004). Social skills difficulty: Model of culture shock for international graduate students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 167-184.
Chen, G.M. (1992). A test of intercultural communication competence. Intercultural Communication Studies, 2, 23-42.
Chen, Z.J. (2000). International students’ preparation for and adaptation to the American higher educational system: A study of cross-cultural communication. World Communication, 29, 25-48.
Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R. and Lynch, M. (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 199-222.
Coelho, G.V. (1958). Changing Images of America: A Study of Indian Students' Perceptions. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Cui, G., van den Berg and Jiang, Y. (1998). Cross-cultural adaptation and ethnic communication: Two structural equation models. The Howard Journal of Communications, 9, 69-85.
Gudykunst, W.B., Hammer, M.R. and Wiseman, R. (1977). An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1, 99– 110.
Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J. and Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421–443.
Gullahorn, J.T. and Gullahorn, J.E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19(3), 33-47.
Harrison, J.K., Chadwick, M. and Scales, M. (1996). The relationship between cross-cultural adjustment and the personality variables of self-efficacy and self-monitoring. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 167-188.
Hoffman, D.L., Novak, T.P. and Schlosser, A.E. (2003). Locus of control, web use, and consumer attitudes toward Internet regulation. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 22, 41-57.
Institute of International Education. (2006, November). New enrollment of foreign students in the U.S. climbs in 2005/06. Retrieved January 30, 2007, from http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=89251
Janssen, T. and Carton, J.S. (1999). The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 436-442.
Kim, Y.Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Kim, Y.Y. (1995). Cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 170-193). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y.Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kramer, M., Wayne, S. and Jaworski, R. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance. The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personal Psychology, 54, 71-101.
Krantz, J.H. and Dalal, R. (2000). Validity of Web-based psychological research. In M.H. Birnbaum (Ed.), Psychological experiments on the Internet (pp. 35-60). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Kuo, W.H. and Tsai, Y.M. (1986). Social networking, hardiness and immigrant’s mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 133–149.
Lachman, M.E. and Leff, R. (1989). Perceived control and intellectual functioning in the elderly: a 5-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 25, 722-728.
Lam, D. and Mizerski, D. (2005). The effects of locus of control on word-of-mouth communication. Journal of Marketing Communications, 11, 215-228.
Lee, B.K. and Chen, L. (2000). Cultural communication competence and psychological adjustment: A study of Chinese immigrant children’s cross-cultural adaptation in Canada. Communication Research, 27, 764-792.
Levenson, H. (1974), Activism and powerful others: distinctions within the concept of internal–external control. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 377–383.
Lum, D. (2004). Social work practice and people of color. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7.
Marilyn, E.R. and Renee, S.T. (2000). Concerns, values, stress, coping, health and educational outcomes of college students who studies abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 409-435.
Martinez, Garcia, M.F., Garcia Ramirez, M. and Jariego, I.M. (2002). Social support and locus of control as predictors of psychological well-being in Moroccan and Peruvian immigrant women in Spain. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 287–310.
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J.A., Robles, Y. and Campos, G. (2007). The intercultural adjustment potential scale (ICAPS) predicts adjustment above and beyond personality and general intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 747-759.
Milstein, T. (2003, May). Transformation in a foreign land: Self-efficacy via sojourning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego.
Morris, T. (1960). The two-way mirror: National status in foreign students' adjustment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Nilsson, J.E., & Anderson, M.Z. (2004). Supervising international students: The role of acculturation, role ambiguity, and multicultural discussions. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 35, 306-312.
Olaniran, B.A. (1996). Social skill acquisition: A close look at foreign students on college campuses and factors influencing their level of social difficulty in social situations. Communication Studies, 47, 72-88.
Pedersen, P. (1995). The five stages of culture shock: Critical incidents around the world. Westport, CT: Greenwood Pres.
Poyrazli, S. and Lopez, M.D. (2007). An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness: A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology, 141, 263-280.
Reips, U.D. (2002). Standards for Internet-based experimenting. Experimental Psychology, 49, 243–256.
Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
Seipel, M.M.O. (1988). Locus of control as related to life experiences of Korean immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 61-71.
Spitzberg, B.H. andCupach, W.R. (1984). Interpersonal communication competence. CA: Sage, Beverly Hills.
Sun, W. and Chen, G.M. (1999). Dimensions of difficulties mainland Chinese students encounter in the United States. Intercultural Communication Studies, 9, 19 – 30.
Taft, R. (1986). Methodological considerations in the study of immigrant adaptation in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38, 339–346.
Thomas, K. and Althen, G. (1989). Counseling foreign students. In Pederson, P. B., Draguns, J. G., Lonner, W. J., & Trimble, J. E. (Eds.). Counseling across culture (pp 205-42). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Thomas, A. J. and Schwarzbaum, S. (2006). Culture & identity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Toyokawa, T. and Toyokawa, N. (2002). Extracurricular activities and the adjustment of Asian international students: A study of Japanese students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 363-379.
Tsekouras, G. E. (2005). Modeling the cross-cultural adaptation process of immigrants using categorical data clustering. Presented at Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation and International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies and Internet Commerce. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.aegean.gr/culturaltec/tsekouras/Papers/IEEE%20Conf%20Comput%20Intell.pdf
Van der Zee, K.I. and Van Oudenhoven, J.P. (2000). The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309.
Ward, C. and Kennedy, A. (1992). Locus of control, mode disturbance, and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 175-194.
Ward, C. and Kennedy, A. (1996). Crossing cultures. The relationship between psychological and sociocultural dimensions of cross-cultural adjustment. In J. Pandey, D. Sinah, & D. P. S. Bhawak (Eds.), Asians contributions to cross-cultural psychology (pp. 289-306). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ward, C. (2001). The impact of international students on domestic students and host institutions. Wellington. New Zealand: Ministry of Education.
Ward, C. (2004). Psychological theories of culture contact and their implications for intercultural training and interventions. In: D. Landis, J. M. Bennett & M. J. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wheeless, L.R., Erickson, K.V. and Segars Behrens, J. (1986). Cultural differences in disclosiveness as a function of locus of control. Communication Monographs, 53, 36-46.
Zhang, Z. and Brunton, M. (2007). Differences in living and learning: Chinese international students in New Zealand. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 124-140.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2010 Pavica Sheldon

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate and free open access to all its content and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author, as long as proper attribution is given. This policy is consistent with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.
Article Details
How to Cite
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Pavica Sheldon, Being ill in a foreign country: International students’ trust in American physicians , Journal of Intercultural Communication: Vol. 9 No. 1 (2009)