But we’re not all Vikings! Intercultural Identity within a Nordic Context
Abstract
The concept of ‘Scandinavian culture’ is not new: the implicit understanding is that all Nordic states have similar cultural values (Smith et al. 2003). Nevertheless, disturbing cultural differences may still surface even when representatives from similar cultures work together. The purpose of this paper is therefore to understand the intercultural landscape of the Nordic region today and to appreciate the unique cultural values of each nation. The hallmark of Norwegian cultural practices within a Nordic context is seen to be higher gender egalitarianism. The most pronounced Danish cultural trait within a Nordic framework is low power distance. The Finnish culture on the other hand is seen to be the most hierarchical and formal culture in the Nordic region, whereas the Swedish culture is said to mirror values such as 'socially concerned individualism'. Indeed, a subtle equilibrium seems to pervade the Swedish way of behaving – a balance between individualism and social concern.
Full text article
References
Ashkanasy, N.M. (1997). A cross-national comparison of Australian and Canadian supervisors: Attributional and evaluative responses to subordinate performance. Australian Psychologist 32 (1) 29-36.
Bertsch, A. (2009). Exploring perceptions of values in US managers: interstate cross-cultural differences and similarities within the USA. DBA thesis: Henley Management College.Henley on Thames, Reading University.
Bigoness, G. and Hofstede, G. (1989). The importance of work goals: an international perspective. Retrieved on 24.01.2010 from: http://www.Jstor.org/stable/155006
Bond, M.H. (1983). How language variation affects intercultural differentiation of values by Hong Kong bilinguals. Psychology. 2. 57-66.
Brislin, R.W., ed. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In: W. J. Lohner and Berry, J.W. (eds.) Field methods in cross-cultural research. (137-164).Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of personality. 30 (1). 29-50.
Brodbeck, F., Javidan, M. (2002). Leadership in Germany: low on compassion, high on performance. Academy of Management Executive, 16, 1, 16-29.
Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R. J. (2007). Culture and leadership across the world. The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Churchill, G.A. and Iacobucci, I. (2005). Marketing research: methodological foundations. New York: South Western, Dryden.
Coltrane, S. (1996). Family man, fatherhood, housework and gender equity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Donaldson, L. (1993). Anti-management theories of organizations: a critique of paradigm proliferation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Espen-Andersen, B., and Korpi, M. (1987). The Scandinavian model: welfare state and welfare research. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1949). Personality theory and perceptions. In: R. Blake and G.Ramsey (eds.). Perception: an approach to personality. 356-419. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gjerset, K. (1951). History of Norwegian People. Retrieved on 26.01.2010 from: http://wwwbooks.google.com/books?id=tV=eAAAAMAJ&prinsec=frontcover&dq=NOR
Gudykunst, W.B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishada, S., Kim, K and Heyman, S. (1996). The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research. 22, 510-543.
Grennes, T. (2003). Scandinavian managers on Scandinavian Management. International Journal of Value-Based Management. 16, 9-21.
Gupta, V., Sully de Luque, M. and House, R.J. Multisource construct validity of GLOBE scales. In: Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R. J. (2007). Culture and leadership across the world. The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2008). Multivariate Date Analysis 7:th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Haire, G.,Ghiselli, E. E. and Porter, L.W. (1966). Managerial Thinking: an International Study. New York: John Wiley.
Hall, E.T. (1959). The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday.
Hall, E.T. (1960). The silent language in overseas business. Harvard Business Review, 38 (3). 87-96.
Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R., McMillan, J. and Schwitter, J.P. (1974). The culture-free context of organization structure: a tri-national comparison. Sociology 8, 59-80.
Hofstede, G. (1980).Cultures and organizations: software of the mind . London: McGraw- Hill.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours,
Institutions and Organisations Across Nations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holmberg, I. and Åkerblom, S. (2007). “Primus inter pares” Leadership and culture in Sweden. In: Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R. J. (2007). Culture and leadership across the world. The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Holt, G. (2007). Organizational culture and performance. A survey in Norway and Pakistan DBA thesis: Henley Management College. Henley on Thames, Brunel University.
Holt L. H. and Bruun de Neergaard, U. (2007). Nordic Lights: a research project on Nordic leadership and leadership in the Nordic countries. Retrieved on 23.01.2011 from: http://www.kunnat.net/fi/tietopankit/pohjoismainenikkuna/pohjoismaat_vertailussa/Documents/NordiskLys_Engelsk.pdf
House, R. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. and Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations: The Globe Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Post modernization:cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R., Basanez, M., and Moreno, A. (1998). Human values and beliefs: a cross- cultural sourcebook – political, religious, sexual and economic norms in 43 societies. Ann Harbour: University of Michigan Press.
Inglehart, R., Basanez, M., Diez-Medrano, l., Halmal and Luijkx, L. (eds). (2004). Human beliefs and values: a cross-cultural sourcebook based on the 1999-2002 values survey,Mexico: D.F. Siglo xx1 editors, SA Dec de C.V.
Javidan, M. (2004). Performance orientation. In: House, R. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. and Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations: The Globe Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Javidan, M., House, R.J., Dorfman, P., Gupta, V., Hanges, P.J. and Sulley de Luque, M. (2004). Conclusions and future directions. In: House, R. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. and Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations: The Globe Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kluckhohn, F. (1956) Culture and Behavior. New York: Free Press.
Kluckhohn, F and Strodtbeck. F. (1961). Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Kroeber, A. L. and Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: a critical review of concepts and definitions, New York: Random House.
Kvande, E. (2009). Work-life balance of fathers in globalized knowledge work. Some insights from the Norwegian context. Retrieved on 23.01.2010 from: http://wwwsearch.ebsohost.com/login.asp?direct
Leung, K., Bhagat, R.S., Buchan, N.R., Erez, M. and Gibson, C.B. (2005). Culture and international business: recent advances and their implications. Journal of International Business Studies, 36:357-378.
Lindell, M. and Arvonen, J. (1996). The Nordic management style of investigation. In Jonsson S. (Ed.), Perspectives of Scandinavian Management. (11-36). Gothenburg, Sweden: Gothenburg School of Economics and Commercial Law.
Lindell, M. and Sigfrids, C. (2007). Culture and leadership in Finland. In: Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. (2007). Culture and leadership across the world. The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lord, R. and Maher, K.J. (1991). Leadership and information processing: linking perceptions and performance. Boston: Unwin-Everyman.
Mulder. (1977). The daily power game. Leyden, the Netherlands: Martinus Wijhoff.
McClelland, D.C. (1962). The achieving society. Princetown, NJ: D. Van Nostrand.
Odin.no (2009). Retrieved from: http://www.e-bedrift.no/detail/linl-542.html
OECD report (2008) retrieved on 24.01.2010 from: http://www.oecd.org/datoecd/39/19/40556222.pdf
Parsons, T. (1949). Essays in Sociological theory: pure and applied. New York: Free Press.
Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (1951). Toward a general theory of action (eds). Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Remenyi, D. & Williams, B., Money, A., Swartz, E. (1998). Doing research in business and management – an introduction to process and method. London: Sage publications.
Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organisation and Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rudnick, L. B. (2003). ”Janteloven” and the Communication of Danish Cultural
Identity Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA . 2009-05-26 from: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p111517_index.html
Sandemose, A. (1937).Retrieved on 30.01.2010 from: http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksel_Sandemose
Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: towards an understanding of national differences, in Kim, U., Triandis, H.C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.C. and Yoon, G. (eds.) Individualism and Collectivism: Theoretical and Methodological Issues.,Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp:85-119.
Schwartz, S.H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work, Applied Psychology: an international review, 48, 23-47.
Smith, P.B. and Bond, M.H. (1993). Social Psychology Across cultures. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Smith, P. B., Andersen, J.A., Ekelund, B., Gravesen, G. & Ropo, A. (2003). In search of Nordic management styles. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 19. 491-507.
Stier, J. (2010). The blind spots and biases of intercultural communication studies: a discussion on episteme and doxa in field. Journal of Intercultural Communication. 24 (3).
Taras, V., Rowney, J. and Steel, P. (2009). Half a century of measuring culture: review of approaches, challenges and limitations based on the analysis of 121 instruments for quantifying culture. Journal of International Management. 15 357-373.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York: The Guildford Press.
Trompenaars, F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. Chicago, IL: Irwin.
Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the waves of culture:
understanding diversity in global business, 2:nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Triandis, H.C. (1995). The analysis of subjective culture. New York: John Wiley.
Warner-Søderholm, G. (2010). DBA thesis. Henley Business School, Reading University
Warner-Søderholm, G. (2011). Culture matters: Norwegian cultural identity within a Nordic context. Conference Proceedings for the Nordic Academy of Management Meeting.
Weber, M. (1904) The protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism, 1998: 2:nd ed. Los Angeles, Roxbury.
Wikipedia on Nordic Countries. Retrieved on 12.12.2010 from: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wike/Nordic_countries
World Economic Forum. (1998). The global competitiveness report. Geneva, Switzerland.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2012 Münchow Søderholm

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate and free open access to all its content and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author, as long as proper attribution is given. This policy is consistent with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.