Cultural Differences, Stereotypes and Communication Needs in Intercultural Communication in a Global Multicultural Environment The Employees’ Perspective

Arkadiusz Gut (1) , Michał Wilczewski (2) , Oleg Gorbaniuk (3)
1. John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin image/svg+xml
2. University of Warsaw image/svg+xml
3. University of Lublin

Abstract

This study examines the personal opinions of Chinese employees working in a multicultural environment on the relationship between cultural diversity and the efficacy of their communication in a multicultural environment. To better understand the connection between cultural background and efficient business communication, we conducted a questionnaire survey in 2014 among 20 employees from a Chinese subsidiary of a European top global manufacturing company. Analyses showed that even if the respondents expressed negative effects of cultural differences on communication, they also manifested positive attitudes toward intercultural interactions. Moreover, ignoring or even disrespecting the different cultural values of interactants were regarded as basic barriers in intercultural communication, and such barriers can be avoided when a different cultural background is respected. Although cultural differences were considered to hinder the respondents’ performance and often to be a source of dissatisfaction, they did not discourage them from entering into intercultural communication.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Ablonczy-Mihályka, L. (2009). Business communication between people with different cultural backgrounds. Proceedings of the Conference of the International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 1(19), 121-129. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Abramson, N. R., Lane, H. W. Nagai, H., & Takagi, H. (1993). A comparison of Canadian and Japanese cognitive styles: Implications for management interaction. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(3), 575-588. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Aune, M-SKKS., Hunter, J. E., Kim, H-J., & Kim, J-S. (2001). The effect of culture and self-construals on predispositions toward verbal communication. Human Communication Research, 27(3), 382-408. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Benedict, R. (1934). Patterns of Culture. New York: Mifflin. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Chaney, L. H., & Martin, J. S. (2011). Intercultural Business Communication(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Chao, G. T. (2000). Multilevel issues and culture: An integrative view. In K. J. Klein, & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds), Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions and New Directions (pp. 308-348). San Francisco, CA: Jossey—Bass. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Clampitt, P. G., & Downs, W. (1993). Employee perceptions of the relationship between communication and productivity: A Field Study. Journal of Business Communication, 30(1), 5-28. Google Scholar | WorldCat

D’Andrade, R. G. (1984), Cultural meaning systems. In R. Shweder, & R. LeVine(Eds), Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion (pp. 88-119). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Daily, B. F., & Steiner, R. L. (1998). The influence of group decision support systems on contribution and commitment levels in multicultural and culturally homogeneous decision-making groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 14(1), 147-162. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Daily, B., Whatley, A., Ash, S. R., & Steiner, R. L. (1996). The effects of a group decision support system on culturally diverse and culturally homogeneous group decision making. Information & Management, 30(6), 281-289. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Domurat, A., Zajenkowska, A., & Grzegorzewska, M. (2012). Confucian and Protestant work ethics among Polish and Korean employees and small business owners. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 28. Retrieved September 15, 2015, from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr28/domurat.htm Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ferraro, G. P. (2002). The Cultural Dimension of International Business (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Gernet, J. (1995). Buddhism in Chinese Society: An Economic History from the Fifth to the Tenth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Gut, A., & Wilczewski, M. (2015). Porównawcze badania kognitywne (O wpływie czynników kulturowo zależnych na poznanie społeczne) (‘Comparative Cognitive Research in the Scope of the Influence of Culture-Specific Factors on Social Cognition’). In K. Morita (Ed.), Spotkania Polonistyk Trzech Krajów—Chiny, Korea, Japonia. Rocznik 2014/2015 (pp.117-136), Tokyo: TUFS. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Habrajska, G. (1998), Prototyp—stereotyp—metafora. In J. Anusiewicz, & J. Bartmiński (Eds), Język a kultura, Vol. 12: Stereotyp jako przedmiot lingwistyki. Teoria, metodologia, analizy empiryczne (pp. 116-123). Wrocław: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Polonistyki Wrocławskiej. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Hager, M. (2010). Teaching Intercultural Communication in a Professional Language Course. Global Business Languages, 15. Retrieved November 27, 2015, from http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/gbl/vol15/iss1/9 Google Scholar | WorldCat

Hill, C. W. (2005). International Business Competing in the Global Market Place (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures Consequences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Inoue, Y. (2007). Cultural Fluency as a Guide to Effective Intercultural Communication: The Case of Japan and the U.S. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 15. Retrieved November 27, 2015, from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr15/inoue.htm Google Scholar | WorldCat

Kalinowska-Andrian, K. (2006). Positive Organizational Scholarship—nowy trend w nauce zarządzania. Zaproszenie do świata pozytywów. E-mentor 1(13). Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://www.e-mentor.edu.pl/artykul/index/numer/13/id/235 Google Scholar | WorldCat

Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (2007). Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Kluckhohn, C. (1951). The study of culture. In D. Lerner, & D. Harold (Eds), The Policy Sciences (pp. 86-101). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Kobayashi, J., & Viswat, L. (2011). Intercultural communication competence in business: Communication between Japanese and Americans. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 26. Retrieved December 30, 2014, fromhttp://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr26/kobayashi-26.htm Google Scholar | WorldCat

Kotorova, E. G. (2014). Describing cross-cultural speech behavior: A communicative pragmatic field approach. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 154, 184-192. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Li, T., & Moreira, G. O. (2009). The influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business: The case of Aveiro, Portugal. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 19. Retrieved December 30, 2014, from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr19/tianbo.htm Google Scholar | WorldCat

Lillis, M., & Tian, R. (2010). Cultural issues in the business world: An anthropological perspective. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 99-112. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Lim, T-S., & Choi, S-H. (1996). Interpersonal relationships in Korea. In W. B. Gudykunst, S. Ting-Toomey, & T. Nishida (Eds), Communication in Personal Relationships Across Cultures (pp. 122-136). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. New York: MacMillan. Google Scholar | WorldCat

MacIntyre, P. D., Dörnyei, Z., Clément, R., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: a situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545-562. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Markus, H, & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Markus, H. R., Mullally, P., & Kitayama, S. (1997). Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation. In U. Neisser, & D. Jopling (Eds), The Conceptual Self in Context: Culture, Experience, Self-understanding (13-61). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Matsumoto, D. (2006). Culture and nonverbal behavior. In V. Manusov, & M. L. Patterson (Eds), The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication (pp. 219-235). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | WorldCat

McGarty, C., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Spears, R. (2002), Stereotypes as Explanations: The Formation of Meaningful Beliefs about Social Groups. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Merkin, R. S. (2005). The influence of masculinity-femininity on cross-cultural facework. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 34, 267-289. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Michajłowa, K. (2007). Opozycja swój/obcy w kształtowaniu stereotypu Polaka wśród Bułgarów zamieszkałych w Polsce. In J. Bartmiński (Ed.), Etnolingwistyka. Problemy języka i kultury, 19 (pp. 175-190). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Neuliep, J. W. (2011). Intercultural Communication. A Contextual Approach (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Nguyen, H.-H. D, Huy Le, & Boles, T. (2010). Individualism—collectivism and co-operation: A cross-society and cross-level examination. Negotiation & Conflict Management Research, 3(3), 179-204. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Nisbett, R. E. (2007). Eastern and Western ways of perceiving the world. In Y. Shoda, D. Cervone, & Google Scholar | WorldCat

G. Downey(Eds), Persons in Context: Building a Science of the Individual (pp. 62-83). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Okoro, E. (2013). International organizations and operations: An analysis of cross-cultural communication effectiveness and management orientation. Journal of Business & Management, 1(1), 1–13. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Park, M-S. (1993). Communication Styles in Two Different Cultures: Korean and American. Seoul, Korea: Han Shin Publishing Company. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Permyakova, T. M. (2015).The Image of Russian Business through Linguistic Stereotypical Means. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 37. Retrieved November 27, 2015, from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr37/permyakova.html Google Scholar | WorldCat

Phuong-Mai, N., Terlouw, C., & Pilot, A. (2005). Cooperative learning vs Confucian heritage culture’s collectivism: confrontation to reveal some cultural conflicts and mismatch. Asia Europe Journal, 3(3), 403-419. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ralston, D. A., Egri, C. P., Riddle, L., Butt, A., Dalgic, T. & Brock, D. M. (2012). Managerial values in the greater Middle East: Similarities and differences across seven countries. International Business Review, 21, 480-492. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ramasubramanian, S. (2011). Television Exposure, Model Minority Portrayals, and Asian-American Stereotypes: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 26. Retrieved November 27, 2015, from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr26/ramasubramanian.htm Google Scholar | WorldCat

Robertson, C. J., Al-Khatib, J. A., Al-Habib, M., & Lanoue, D. (2001). Beliefs about work in the Middle East and the convergence versus divergence of values. Journal of World Business, 36(3), 223-244. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Rozkwitalska, M. (2011). Bariery w zarządzaniu międzykulturowym. Perspektywa filii zagranicznych korporacji transnarodowych. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, S. Ç. Kagitçibasi, G. Choi, & Yoon (Eds), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Shachaf, P. (2008). Cultural diversity and information and communication technology impacts on global virtual teams: An exploratory study. Information and Management,45(2), 131-142. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Shaumjan, S. (2006), Signs, Mind, and Reality: A Theory of Language as the Folk Model of the World. Amsterdam—Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. (2010). Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 690-709. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Stevens, F. G., Plaut, V. C., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2008). Unlocking the benefits of diversity. All-inclusive multiculturalism and positive organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 116-133. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Swaidan, Z., & Hayes, L.A. (2005). Hofstede theory and cross-cultural ethics conceptualization, review, Google Scholar | WorldCat

research agenda. Journal of American Academy of Business, 6(2), 10-16. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Tang, J., & Ward, A. (2003). The Changing Face of Chinese Management. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ting-Toomey, S., Gao, G., Trubisky, P., Yang, Z., Kim, H-S., Lin, S-L., & i Nishida, T. (1991). Culture, face maintenance, and styles of handling interpersonal conflict: A study in five cultures. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2, 275-296. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Triandis, H. C. (1988). Collectivism vs. individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural social psychology. In G. K. Verma, & C. Bagley (Eds), Cross-cultural Studies of Personality, Attitudes and Cognition (pp. 60-95). London: Macmillan. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and Social Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), 323-338. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Tylor, E.B. (1958 [1871, 1873]). The Origins of Culture and Religion in Primitive Culture, Volumes I and II of the 1873 edition of Primitive Culture. New York: Harper & Brothers. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Weber, M. (1990). Intercultural Stereotypes and the Teaching of German. Die Unterrichtspraxis/ Teaching German, (23)2, 132-141. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Wilczewski, M. (2015). Intercultural communication competence as a success factor for a manager operating in a multinational environment. In S. Grucza, & J. Alnajjar (Eds), Kommunikation in multikulturellen Projektteams (pp. 51-71). Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Yook, E. L., & Ahn, B. L. (1999). Comparison of apprehension in communication between Koreans and Americans. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 161-164. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Authors

Arkadiusz Gut
Michał Wilczewski
m.wilczewski@uw.edu.pl (Primary Contact)
Oleg Gorbaniuk
Author Biographies

Arkadiusz Gut

Arkadiusz Gut, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Departments of Philosophy and Sinology, and a Chairman of Cognitive Studies at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.

Michał Wilczewski

Michał Wilczewski, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Warsaw, and a Visiting Scholar in the Department of Management, Society and Communication at Copenhagen Business School.

Oleg Gorbaniuk

Oleg Gorbaniuk, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Institute of Psychology at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.

Gut, A., Wilczewski, M., & Gorbaniuk, O. (2017). Cultural Differences, Stereotypes and Communication Needs in Intercultural Communication in a Global Multicultural Environment The Employees’ Perspective. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 17(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v17i1.729

Article Details

How to Cite

Gut, A., Wilczewski, M., & Gorbaniuk, O. (2017). Cultural Differences, Stereotypes and Communication Needs in Intercultural Communication in a Global Multicultural Environment The Employees’ Perspective. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 17(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v17i1.729

Most read articles by the same author(s)