Relational practices in Norwegian students’ e-mail requests in English A focus on openings and closings

Milica Savić (1)
1. Department of Education and Sports Science Faculty of Arts and Education University of Stavanger

Abstract

The paper explores relational practices in openings and closings in Norwegian students’ e-mail requests in English. It investigates the range of opening and closing sequences and the frequency of their occurrence as well as their variation depending on the level of request imposition and social distance between the e-mail writer and the lecturer. The very high frequency of occurrence of openings and closings, considered to be optional e-mail elements, in a small corpus of 109 authentic e-mails demonstrates a clear orientation to interpersonal aspects of communication. An orientation to familiarity was identified in the openings while a slight preference for deference was found in the closings. Social distance appeared to affect relational practices to a greater extent than the level of imposition.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Androutsopoulos, J. (2006). Introduction: Sociolinguistics and computer-mediated communication. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(4), 419–438. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2006). Making requests in e-mail: Do cyber-consultations entail directness? Toward conventions in a new medium. In Bardovi- Harlig, K., Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. and Omar, A. (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning, vol. 11 (pp. 81-107). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2007). Students writing emails to faculty: An examination of e-politeness among native and non-native speakers of English. Language Learning & Technology, 11(2), 59-81. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Bjørge, A. (2007). Power distance in English lingua franca email communication. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 60-80. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Bou-Franch, P. (2011). Openings and closings in Spanish email conversations. Journal of Pragmatics,43(6), 1772-1785. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Bunz, U. and Campbell, S. (2004). Politeness accommodation in electronic mail. Communication Research Report, 21(1), 11-25. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Chen, C.-F.E. (2006). The development of e-mail literacy: from writing to peers to writing to authority figures. Language Learning and Technology, 10(2), 35-55. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Dittrich, W., Johansen, T. and Kulinskaya, E. (2011). Norms and situational rules of address in English and Norwegian speakers. Journal of Pragmatics,43(15), 3807-3821. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Döring, N. (2003). Sozialpsychologie des Internet. Die Bedeutung des Internet für Kommunikationsprozesse, Identitäten, Soziale Beziehungen und Gruppen. Second edition. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2011). “Please answer me as soon as possible”: Pragmatic failure in non-native speakers’ e-mail requests to faculty. Journal of Pragmatics,43(13), 3193-3215. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2016). Variation in evaluations of (im)politeness of emails from L2 learners and perceptions of the personality of their senders. Journal of Pragmatics,106, 1-19. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Eelen, G. (2001). A critique of politeness theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Félix-Brasdefer, C. (2012a). Email openings and closings: pragmalinguistic and gender variation in learner-instructor cyber consultations. In Soler, E. A. and Safont-Jorda, M. (Eds.), Discourse and language learning across L2 instructional settings (pp. 223-248). Amsterdam & New York: Brill Academic Publishers. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Félix-Brasdefer, C. (2012b). E-mail requests to faculty. E-politeness and internal modification. In Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. and Woodfield, H. (Eds.), Interlanguage request modification (pp. 87-118). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Fretheim, T. (2005). Politeness in Norway: How can you be polite and sincere? In Hickey, L. and Stewart, M. (Eds.), Politeness in Europe. (pp. 145-158). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Gains, J. (1999). Electronic mail – A new style of communication or just a new medium?: An investigation into the text features of email. English for Specific Purposes, 18(1), 81-101. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Gimenez, J. (2000). Business e-mail communication: some emerging tendencies in register. English for Specific Purposes, 19, 237-251. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Graham, S. L. (2007). Disagreeing to agree: Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer-mediated community. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(4), 742-759. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Herring, S. (1996). Two variants of an electronic message schema. In Herring, S. (Ed.), Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 81-106).Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Herring, S. (2006). Computer-mediated discourse. In Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D and Hamilton, H. E. (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 612-634). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Herring, S. (2010). Computer-mediated conversation: Introduction and overview. Language@Internet, 7, article 2. Retrieved from: http://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2010/2801 Google Scholar | WorldCat

Herring, S., Stein, D. and Virtanen, T. (2013). Introduction to the pragmatics of computer-mediated communication. In Herring, S., Stein, D. and Virtanen, T. (Eds.), Handbook of pragmatics of computer-mediated Communication (pp. 3-32). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Kankaanranta, A. (2005). “Hej Seppo, could you pls comment on this!” – Internal email communication in lingua franca English in a multinational company. Centre for Applied Language Studies. University of Jyväskylä. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Lewin-Jones, J. and Mason, V. (2014). Understanding style, language and etiquette in email communication in higher education: A survey. Research in Post-Compulsory Education,19(1), 75-90. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Locher, M. A. (2010). Introduction: Politeness and impoliteness in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Politeness Research, 6(2). 1–5. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Locher, M. A. and Graham, S. L. (2010). Introduction to interpersonal pragmatics. In Locher, M. A. and Graham, S. L. (Eds.), Interpersonal pragmatics (pp. 1-13).Berlin: Mouton. Google Scholar | WorldCat

McKeown, J. and Zhang, Q. (2015). Socio-pragmatic influence on opening salutation and closing valediction of British workplace email. Journal of Pragmatics, 85, 92-107. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Merrison, A., Wilson, J., Davies, B. and Haugh, M. (2012). Getting stuff done: Comparing e-mail requests from students in higher education in Britain and Australia. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(9), 1077-1098. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Mills, S. (2011). Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness. In Linguistic Politeness Research Group (Eds.), Discursive approaches to politeness (pp. 19-56). Mouton series in pragmatics (8). Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Rygg, K. (2016). Was Malinowski Norwegian? Norwegian interpretations of phatic talk. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 40. Retrieved from: https://immi.se/intercultural/nr40/rygg.html Google Scholar | WorldCat

Røkaas, F. A. (2000). Potential for misunderstandings: Social interaction between Norwegians and Americans. In Isaksson, M. and Røkaas, F. A. (Eds.), Conflicting values: An intercultural challenge (pp. 111-129). Sandvika: Norwegian School of Management BI. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Savić, M. (2018). Lecturer perceptions of im/politeness and in/appropriateness in student e-mail requests: A Norwegian perspective. Journal of Pragmatics, 124, 52-72. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Skovholt, K., Grønning, A. and Kankaanranta, A. (2014). The Communicative Functions of Emoticons in Workplace E-Mails: :-). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 780-797. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Spencer-Oatey, H. (1996). Reconsidering power and distance. Journal of Pragmatics, 26(1), 1-24. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Stephens, K., Houser, M. and Cowan, R. (2009). R U able to meat me: The impact of students’ overly casual email messages to instructors. Communication Education,58(3), 303-326. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2),91-112. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Waldvogel, J. (2007). Greetings and closings in workplace email. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 456-477. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Yates, L. (2010). Pragmatic challenges for second language learners. In A. Trosborg (Ed.), Pragmatics across languages and cultures (pp. 287-308). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Authors

Milica Savić
milica.savic@uis.no (Primary Contact)
Author Biography

Milica Savić

Milica Savić is Associate Professor of English Linguistics in the Department of Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Stavanger, Norway. She holds a PhD degree in Applied linguistics from the University of Novi Sad, Serbia. Her main fields of research include interlanguage pragmatics, pragmatics instruction in EFL contexts, linguistic politeness in e-mail communication, and critical literacy. She has published a monograph entitled Politeness through the Prism of Requests, Apologies and Refusals. A Case of Advanced Serbian EFL Learners (2014, Cambridge Scholars Publishing), and authored/co-authored a number of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on EFL learners’ pragmatic competence, metapragmatic awareness, peer assessment, pronunciation instruction, EFL teaching and teacher education.

Savić, M. (2019). Relational practices in Norwegian students’ e-mail requests in English A focus on openings and closings. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 19(1), 1016. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v19i1.776

Article Details

How to Cite

Savić, M. (2019). Relational practices in Norwegian students’ e-mail requests in English A focus on openings and closings. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 19(1), 1016. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v19i1.776